Index

A

Ad Watches, 12-13, 116
Ailes, Roger, 12
Airtime, campaign. See also Coverage, campaign
fluctuations in, 3
free, 55, 108-109, 110, 111
limited, 10-11
Aitken, Jonathan, 21
Alliance for Better Campaigns, 116
Ambiguity, issue
lack of constraints and, 42-44
mandates and, 82
negativity and, 44-45
problem of, 7-10
voter influence on, 113
voters and, 67-68, 105, 114, 115
Amendments, constitutional, 5, 55, 108, 112
America Close-Up coverage, 3
American Agenda coverage, 3
Annenberg Public Policy Center, 114
Anticipated reactions, principle of, 67, 104
Armey, Richard, 33
Attack ads
campaign, 1988, 42-45
campaign, 1996, 49-51
candidate incentives for, 8-10
media coverage of, 11-13, 12, 33-34, 68, 87
voters and, 16-17, 114, 115, 120
Attention deficit, 51-52
Attitudes, regime support. See also Behaviors, regime support; Legitimacy; Regime support
behavior and, 75-78, 76, 77
instilling, 72-73, 74-75
survey of, 71, 74
Atwater, Lee, 45
Avoidance, issue
lack of constraints and, 42-44
mandates and, 82
negativity and, 44-45
problem of, 7-10
voter influence on, 113
voters and, 67-68, 105, 114, 115
Awareness, voter
issue, 88
obstacles to, 113-116
problem of, 4, 121-124
regime support and, 71, 72, 73, 75

B

Backlash, political, 33-34, 101
Bailey, Doug, 119
Bartels, Larry, 17
Behavior commitment theory, 73
Behaviors, regime support, 71, 71-72, 73-78, 76, 77
Berelson, Bernard R., 59
Black, Charlie, 30
Boschwitz, Rudy, 120
Bradley, Bill, 114
Bradley, Ed, 45
Broder, David, 4
Buchanan, Pat, 33
Buckley v. Valeo, 109
Budget agreement, 1997, 100-102
Bush, George H. W., 31-36, 41-45, 93
Bush, George W., 68

C

Cable networks, 11
Call to Economic Arms, A (Tsongas), 35
Campaign dynamics, 1-2, 5-7, 51-54
Campaign finance reform, 97, 98, 108-110, 114-115, 115
Candidates
campaign, 1960, 22-30
campaign, 1988, 41-45
campaign, 1992, 30-36
campaign, 1996, 47-54
electoral triangle and, 1-2
expectations on, 122
incentives for, 5-10, 54, 55, 110-111
interesting, 116-117
mandates and, 81-82
negativity and, 114
policy focus of, 61-63, 83-87, 84, 88
responsibilities of, 120-121
turnout and, 2-3
voter influence on, 96, 104-105
Candy, political, 47, 51
Carol, Dan, 114
Center for Media and Public Affairs (CMPA), 12, 52
Citizens. See also Civic duty; Turnout
attack ads and, 10
campaign, 1960, 25-26, 26
campaign, 1988, 42-43, 45
campaign, 1992, 36
campaign, 1996, 47
electoral triangle and, 1-2
expectations of, 121-124
ignorance of, 4
incentives for, 14-17, 15, 54, 55, 111-112
influence of, 96, 104-105
legitimacy and, 59-62, 63-68, 69, 71-78
negative traits of, 7
obstacles to, 16, 108, 109, 111, 113-116
policy focus of, 83-87, 84, 88
reform priorities of, 114-116, 115
Civic duty. See also Citizens; Turnout
incentives to, 14-16, 15
mobilization by, 118-119
promotion of, 124
regime support and, 71, 72, 72-73, 74
Civil rights, 26, 28-29
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 29
Clarity, campaign, 7
Clinton, Bill
budget agreement, 1997, 100-102
campaign, 1992, 30-31, 34, 36, 91
campaign, 1996, 9-10, 47-54, 93
impeachment, 1998, 102-103
CMPA. See Center for Media and Public Affairs (CMPA)
Codes of conduct, campaign, 120-121
Cognitive consistency theory, 73
Cold War, 21-26, 26, 27
Colorado Republican Party v. Federal Election Commission, 109
Commission on Presidential Debates, 117
Communications Act, 109
Compassionate Conservatism, 6
Competition, campaign, 15, 15
Conflict, campaign
campaign deception and, 8-10
media coverage of, 11-13, 12, 68
1988, 42-45
1992, 33-34
1996, 49-51
voters and, 16-17, 114, 115, 120
Consensus, policy, 83, 84
Constraints, candidate, 5-10, 42-44
Contract with America, 48
Court-packing plan, 100
Coverage, campaign. See also Airtime, campaign
categories, 12
fluctuations in, 3
incentive system and, 10-14
negative, 68
1960, 29-30
1988, 42
1996, 52-53
trivialization of, 4, 6
Craig, Stephen, 69
Credible threats, 98, 99-105, 112-119
Cynicism, political
campaign deception and, 114
legitimacy and, 63, 63-64, 64, 69
voters and, 105

Top

D

Dahl, Robert A., 59
Darman, Richard, 47
Daschle, Tom, 68
Debates, televised
campaign, 1960, 22
campaign, 1996, 46, 52
policy relevance and, 109, 110
as voter incentive, 117
Deception, campaign
lack of constraints and, 42-44
mandates and, 82
negativity and, 44-45
problem of, 7-10
voter influence on, 113
voters and, 67-68, 105, 114, 115
Delli Carpini, Michael X., 75
Demands, voter, 98, 99
Democracy, ideal of, 3-5, 63-70, 123
Democratic-Republicans, 61
Deregulation, candidate, 5-10, 42-44
Discontent, political
campaign deception and, 114
legitimacy and, 63, 63-64, 64, 69
voters and, 105
Disincentives, voter, 15, 16-17
Dole, Bob, 47-54, 102
Dukakis, Michael, 41-45
Dynamics, campaign, 1-2, 5-7, 51-54

E

Early voting, 114
Easton, David, 69, 70
Economy
campaign, 1960, 26, 26-28
campaign, 1988, 40-41, 43
campaign, 1992, 30-36
campaign, 1996, 47-49
Efficacy, external political, 74, 75
Election ritual, 74
Elections, faith in, 64, 66-67, 69-70
Electoral ratification, 84, 87-91
Electoral salience
campaign, 1992, 30-31, 36-37
campaign, 1996, 53
candidates and, 8
impeachment, 1998, 103
mandates and, 89
priorities and, 26, 26-28
turnout and, 15, 15, 16
Electoral triangle, the, 2
Elites, government by, 60-61, 108
Enforcement, policy, 123-124
Evasion, issue
lack of constraints and, 42-44
mandates and, 82
negativity and, 44-45
problem of, 7-10
voter influence on, 113
voters and, 67-68, 105, 114, 115

Expectations, voter, 98, 98-99, 121-124, 122
External political efficacy, 74, 75
Eye on the Campaign coverage, 3

F

Faction, 60-61
Feasibility, political, 112
Federal Election Commission, 111
Federal Elections Campaign Acts, 108
Federalists, 61
Feedback, campaign, 1-2
Fifteenth Amendment, 108
Finance reform, campaign, 97, 98, 108-110, 114-115, 115
Finkel, Steven E., 75
First Amendment, 5, 112
Fitzwater, Marlin, 32
Focus groups, 44-45
Forbes, Steve, 50
Framing, media, 96
Franklin, Mark N., 16
Freedom's Answer, 119, 125
Free TV for Straight Talk Coalition, 109, 111
Friedrich, Carl, 67, 104
Fundraising, campaign, 97, 98, 108-110, 114-115, 115

G

Gans, Curtis, 109, 111
Gant, Michael M., 69
Gerber, Alan, 119
Gingrich, Newt, 47-48
Gore, Al, 114
Government, trust in, 64, 65, 66, 69, 98-99
Green, Donald, 119

H

Hall, Marisa, 32
Hansen, John Mark, 59-60
Hirczy de Mino, Wolfgang P., 16
Holiday, election, 114
Horse race coverage, 11-13, 12, 42
Horton, Willie, 42, 44-45, 49

Top

I

Ignorance, political
issue, 88
obstacles to, 113-116
problem of, 4, 121-124
regime support and, 71, 72, 73, 75
Impeachment, 1998, 102-103
Incentive system
for candidates, 5-10, 42-44, 67, 86, 104-105
context of, 54, 55
design flaw in, 1
for media, 10-14, 86-87
neglect of, 110-112
rethinking the, 112-113
situational incentives, 116-119
voter leverage in, 96
for voters, 14-17, 15, 85-86, 105-106
Infomercials, 34, 52
Institute for Global Ethics Project on Campaign Conduct, 121
Institutional barriers, 113-114
Interest, political, 21, 51-52, 72-73, 76, 77
Investment, citizen, 70, 71-78
Invisible primary, 51
Involvement, campaign, 74
Issue evasion and confusion
lack of constraints and, 42-44
mandates and, 82
negativity and, 44-45
problem of, 7-10
voter influence on, 113
voters and, 67-68, 105, 114, 115
Issue mentions, 13

J

Jamieson, Kathleen Hall, 30, 114
Johnson, Paul, 23
Journalists, focus on, 11
Judicial branch, 99-100

K

Keeter, Scott, 75
Kennedy, John F., 22-30, 65
Kennedy, Robert, 28
Khrushchev, Nikita, 24
Kids Voting USA, 125, 128n 43
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 28-29
Knowledge, voter
issue, 88
obstacles to, 113-116
problem of, 4, 121-124
regime support and, 71, 72, 73, 75

L

Lazarsfeld, Paul F., 59
Learning, voter
issue, 88
obstacles to, 113-116
problem of, 4, 121-124
regime support and, 71, 72, 73, 75
Legitimacy, 59-62, 69, 70-78, 125. See also Attitudes, regime support
Leverage, voter, 98, 99-105, 112-119
Luttbeg, Norman R., 69

M

Mandates. See also Policy signals
campaign, 1960, 30
electoral ratification and, 88, 88-90, 90>
responsible party doctrine and, 81-82
voter, 121
McCain, John, 116
McCurry, Michael D., 119
McPhee, William N., 59
Media
ad watches, 116
campaign, 1960, 29-30
campaign, 1988, 42
campaign, 1992, 31
campaign, 1996, 49, 52-53
electoral triangle and, 1-2
horse race coverage by, 6
incentives for, 10-14, 54, 55, 111
legitimacy and, 74
negativity and, 68
policy focus of, 83-87, 84
public opinion of, 115
reform of, 108-109, 110
turnout and, 2-3
voter influence on, 96
Miller, Warren E., 124, 125
Minnesota Compact Model, 120-121
Missile gap, 24-25, 29-30
Mobilization, 74, 118-119. See also Turnout
Momentum, policy, 83, 84
Morris, Dick, 9, 49, 50-51
Motor Voter law, 55, 108, 111
Mudslinging
campaign, 1988, 42-45
campaign, 1996, 49-51
candidate incentives for, 8-10
media coverage of, 11-13, 33-34, 68, 87
voters and, 16-17, 114, 115, 120
Murphy, Walter F., 69

Top

N

Nagourney, Adam, 46
National Election Study (NES), 17, 21
National Voter Registration Act. See Motor Voter law
Negativity, campaign. See also Attack ads
campaign deception and, 8-10
media coverage of, 11-13, 12, 68
1988, 42-45
1992, 33-34
1996, 49-51
voters and, 16-17, 114, 115, 120
NES. See National Election Study (NES)
New Frontier, 22, 25
New York Times, 48, 50
Niche marketing, campaign, 8-10
Nineteenth Amendment, 108
Nixon, Richard M., 22-30, 65
Nonattitudes, 97
Normative vision, 4, 125
"No-win" issues, 8

O

Opinion, public, 96-98, 114-116, 115

P

Party identification, 15, 15-16, 118-119
Party system, 61-62, 66, 68, 118
Pateman, Carole, 67
Patterson, Thomas E., 65, 105
Perot, Ross, 34-36, 47, 51-52, 91, 117
Pew Research Center, 15, 65, 97
Policy consensus, 83, 84
Policy enforcement, 123-124
Policy focus. See also Deception, campaign; Policy relevance
campaign, 1960, 23
campaign, 1988, 40-41
campaign, 1992, 34-36
campaign, 1996, 46-47, 49, 51-52, 53-54
candidates and, 7-10
legitimacy and, 59-63, 66-67
media coverage of, 12, 13-14
Soviet threat and, 24-26
voters and, 15, 15
Policy mandates. See Mandates
Policy momentum, 83, 84
Policy priorities, 83-87, 84
Policy relevance. See also Deception, campaign; Policy focus
attack ads and, 114
civic duty and, 109, 110, 111
voters and, 121-124
Policy signals. See also Mandates
campaign, 1960, 30
described, 82-87, 84
minor candidates and, 34-36
voters and, 88, 90, 90-91
Policy trivialization, 8, 13-14, 42, 53-54
Political interest, 21, 51-52, 72-73, 76, 77
Polsby, Nelson W., 81-82
Postelection policy action, 83, 84, 91-93, 92
Powell, Colin, 51
Priming, media, 96
Princeton Survey Research Associates (PSRA), 15
Priorities, policy, 83-87, 84
Profiles in Courage (Kennedy), 29
Project for Excellence in Journalism, 111
Proposition 226, 118
PSRA. See Princeton Survey Research Associates (PSRA)
Psychic reward, 124
Psychological distance, 123-124
Public choice theory, 124
Public interest broadcasts, 55, 108-109, 110, 111
Public opinion, 96-98, 114-116, 115

Q

Qualifications, candidate, 12

R

Radio Act, 109
Rahn, Wendy, M., 73
Rather, Dan, 45
Ratification, electoral, 84, 87-91
Reactions, anticipated, 67, 104
Reed, Ralph, 9
Regime support, 70-78, 125. See also Legitimacy
Relevance, policy. See also Deception, campaign; Policy focus
attack ads and, 114
civic duty and, 109, 110, 111
voters and, 121-124
Repetition, journalistic, 14
Reporters, emphasis on, 11
Reprogramming, voter, 121
Responsible party perspective, 62, 81
Riker, William H., 71
Ritual, election, 74
Roberts, Owen, 100
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 100
Rosenstone, Steven J., 59-60
Rosenthal, Andrew, 32
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 72
Rove, Karl, 7
Rubin, Robert, 48

Top

S

Safe districts, 103
Safire, William, 102
Salience, electoral
campaign, 1992, 30-31, 36-37
campaign, 1996, 53
candidates and, 8
impeachment, 1998, 103
mandates and, 89
priorities and, 26, 26-28
turnout and, 15, 15, 16
Scanner, supermarket, 32
Schattschneider, Elmer E., 81
Schools, civic duty and, 119
Schumpeter, Joseph, 106
Seib, Gerald, 40, 48
Self-interest, voter
campaign, 1992, 30-31, 36-37
campaign, 1996, 53
candidates and, 8
impeachment, 1998, 103
mandates and, 89
priorities and, 26, 26-28
turnout and, 15, 15, 16
Servants, media as, 2
Shanks, J. Merrill, 124, 125
Shutdown, government, 48-49
Signals, policy. See also Mandates
campaign, 1960, 30
described, 82-87, 84
minor candidates and, 34-36
voters and, 88, 90, 90-91
Situational incentives, voter, 15, 15-16
Social Contract, The (Rousseau), 72
Soft money, 49, 109-110
Sorensen, Theodore, 22, 23, 29
Sovereign, voters as, 2
Soviet Union, threat of, 21-26, 26, 27
Spin control, 7
Sputnik, 24, 100
Standards, campaign, 120-121
Stand-By-Your-Ad, 116
Status quo, 78, 112-113
Supermarket scanner, 32
Supplicants, candidates as, 2
Supreme Court, 99-100
Surveillance, 123

T

Taylor, Paul, 120
Teeter, Robert, 42, 68
Teixeira, Ruy A., 60
Template, campaign, 120-121
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 126
Toner, Robin, 36, 100
Triangle, electoral, 2
Triangulation, 48-49
Trivialization, policy, 8, 13-14, 42, 53-54
Tsongas, Paul, 34-36
Turnout. See also Voters
attack ads and, 10
campaign, 1988, 45
campaign, 1992, 36
campaign, 1996, 46
civic duty and, 118-119, 124, 125
declining, 63, 65, 111
disappointing, 109
increasing, 2-3
legitimacy and, 71, 71, 75, 113
obstacles to, 16
policy ratification and, 59-60
public opinion of, 115
Twenty-sixth Amendment, 55, 108

U

U-2 crisis, 24-25

V

Ventura, Jesse, 116
Vote-by-mail systems, 114
Voters. See also Civic duty; Turnout
attack ads and, 10
campaign, 1960, 25-26, 26
campaign, 1988, 42-43, 45
campaign, 1992, 36
campaign, 1996, 47
electoral triangle and, 1-2
expectations of, 121-124
ignorance of, 4
incentives for, 14-17, 15, 54, 55, 111-112
influence of, 96, 104-105
legitimacy and, 59-62, 63-68, 69, 71-78
negative traits of, 7
obstacles to, 16, 108, 109, 111, 113-116
policy focus of, 83-87, 84, 88
reform priorities of, 114-116, 115

W

Wall Street Journal, 4-5, 9, 36, 43
Wellstone, Paul, 120
White, Theodore H., 22, 27
Wildavsky, Aaron, 81-82
Woodward, Bob, 48