Index

A

Abrogative referendum, 146
Absentee voting, 187-190
Advisory initiatives, 144-145
Affidavit ballots, 183
Airtime, public subsidy of, 166
Alternate Vote, 94-102, 97, 98, 101, 186. See also Single Transferable Vote
Arthur Anderson, 161-162, 162
AV. See Alternate Vote

B

Balance, party, 43-45, 55. See also Partisan politics
Ballots
exhausted, 102
presidential, 107
provisional, 183
spoiled, 99, 104n 15
types of, 184-186, 185, 193n 7
BCRA, 173-174
Bicameralism, 59
Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act, 173-174
Bi-partisan politics. See Parties, politics of
Bush, George W.
election of, 12-13, 83-84
primary campaign, 114-115, 116, 118-119, 119
soft money and, 159
Butterfly ballots, 193n 7

C

Campaign spending. See Spending, campaign
Candidate-centered nomination, 113
Careerism, 61. See also Term limits
Carter, Jimmy, 116-117
Challenge ballots, 183
Challengers, primary, 113-120
Citizens. See also Cynicism
campaign finance and, 152-154, 153
competency of, 140, 142
cynicism of, 17-36
electoral rules and, 7, 13
House, opinion of, 53-54
partisan vs. independent, 25-28
role of, 3-4
sovereignty of, 131, 135, 148n 1
Civil rights movement, 200
Civil War, the, 3-4
Clinton, Bill, 10-12, 15n 14
Closed-list PR. See List-PR; Proportional Representation
Closed primaries, 121-122, 123, 129
Coalition governments, 69-70, 72
Competition
electoral districts and, 11
for House seats, 40-46, 41, 43, 55
PR and, 72-73
primary election schedule and, 122-125
reforms and, 197
Congress. See House of Representatives
Consensus systems, 32-33, 51. See also Proportional Representation
Conservatives, cynicism among, 29
Constitution, the
amendability of, 1-4
direct democracy and, 131, 137-138, 146
electoral college and, 86-87
PR and, 65
the presidency and, 102-103
size of House and, 76
term limits and, 61
Contact, voter, with candidates, 56n 1, 76
Contract with America, 60
Convergence model, 70-72
Core constituents, 71
Cumulative Voting, 68, 68, 186
CV. See Cumulative Voting
Cynicism. See also Citizens
campaign finance and, 152-154, 153
effects of, 28-33, 30
electoral rules and, 7, 13
evidence for, 17-20, 18, 19
toward House members, 53-54, 75
ideology and, 26, 27, 28, 29
primary elections and, 120, 120
reasons for, 20, 20-28, 21
responses to, 33-36, 35, 36

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D

Delaware Plan, 124
Democrats, cynicism among, 26
Descriptive representation
in House, 55
under majoritarian systems, 51-53, 53
PR and, 73-74
voter turnout and, 32
Direct democracy. See Initiatives; Referendums
Directional theory of voting, 71, 81n 26
Direct Recording Electronic machines, 185, 185
Disclosure laws, 169, 170-171
Districts, electoral. See also Competition; Majoritarian systems; Proportional Representation
AV and, 96
direct democracy and, 136-137
House races and, 46-47, 49
PR and, 65-67
in presidential elections, 90, 91
representation and, 6-7, 11-12, 53
size of House and, 78-79
Distrust, citizen. See Cynicism
DRE machines, 185, 185

E

Economic interests, 138-139, 139. See also Special interests
Education levels, cynism and, 24
Efficacy, 27, 32-36, 35, 36
Electoral college
constitutional amendment of, 199
design and evolution of, 15n 9, 83-84, 104n 4, 104n 12
votes, allocation of, 89-93, 100
Electoral districts. See Districts, electoral
Electoral reform groups, 198
Electoral rules, effects of, 5-9
Electors, allocation of, 89-93, 91. See also Electoral college
Eli Lilly, 160
Emergency ballots, 183
Enron, 161-162, 162
Ethnic representation. See Descriptive representation
Exhausted ballots, 102
Extended republic, 60

F

Faithless electors, 89
Federal Election Campaign Act of 1974, 112, 154-156, 157-158
Federalist, The, 39-40, 138
Federal system, 86-87, 102-103, 147, 181
First Past the Post. See Majoritarian systems
Founders, the, 1-2, 137-138
FPTP. See Majoritarian systems
Fragmentation, 69-70, 109-110
Franking, 166
Fraud, ballot, 182-183, 184, 189, 190
Front-loading, 112-120, 115, 116, 122-125, 130n 9
Front runners, primary, 113-120

G

Gerrymandering, 45. See also Districts, electoral
Global Crossings, 160-161
Gore, Al, 83-84, 113-114, 116

H

Hard money, 154-156, 155, 174
Help America Vote Act of 2002, 184
Holiday, national voting, 191
House of Representatives
competitive seats in, 40-42, 41
descriptive representation and, 51-53
incumbents in, 41-46, 43
majoritarian system and, 46-51
as presidential tie-breaker, 92
public discontent and, 53-54
representation and, 10-12, 39-40, 55, 56
size of, 75-79, 76, 77

I

Ideological positions. See Polarization model
Incumbents
campaign finance and, 172-173
House, 41-46, 43, 50-51, 51, 55
PR and, 72-73
reelection of, 11-12
size of House and, 78-79
Independents, cynicism among, 25-28, 26, 27, 71
Indirect initiatives, 145-146
Initiatives
advisory, 144-145
constitutional vs. statutory, 146-147
criticisms of, 137-142, 139
described, 132, 133
efficacy and, 32, 34
indirect, 145-146
Interest, voter, in primaries, 114, 115, 119
Internet voting, 189-190, 191
IRV. See Alternate Vote

K

King Caucus, 125

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L

Least-preferred candidates, electoral college and, 99
Legislative process, 138, 142, 160-163, 162
Legitimacy
election administration and, 12-13, 15n 14, 28-30, 180-181
electoral college and, 83-84, 87-89, 92
representation and, 10-12
Lever machines, 185, 185
Liberals, cynicism among, 28
Limits, campaign finance, 169, 169-170, 171-173. See also Spending, campaign
List-PR, 57n22, 67, 73-74. See also Proportional Representation
Lockheed, 162
Lost votes, 179-181, 180, 183, 185

M

Machines, voting, 184-186, 185
Mail-in ballots, 187-189
Majoritarian systems
vs. AV, 99
closed primaries and, 129
electoral districts in, 6-7
House races and, 46-51, 48
minority representation under, 51-53, 53
minor parties and, 63-65
overseas, 65
state elections and, 49
voter turnout and, 31-33
Majorities
under AV, 97
disappearance of, 9-13, 50
electoral college and, 87, 90-93
primary election, 110
in runoff elections, 93-94, 94, 95
Mandate. See Legitimacy
Margins, election, 42-43, 43
Marshall, Thurgood, 2
McCain, John, 114-115, 116, 118-119, 119, 159
McCain-Feingold bill, 173-174
Media, public discontent and, 21-22
Microsoft, 160, 162
Minorities, electoral
under AV, 99
direct democracy and, 136-137, 137
electoral college and, 86-87, 104n 4
House representation of, 43-45, 46-51
initiatives and, 140-142, 141, 144
under majoritarian systems, 51-53, 53
size of House and, 75
voter turnout and, 31-33
Minority representation. See Descriptive representation; Minorities, electoral
Minor parties
under AV, 99-102, 101
campaign finance and, 172-173
fragmentation and, 69-70
majorities and, 9-10, 50
PR and, 63-75
in presidential elections, 85-88, 86
size of House and, 75
Mixed Member Proportional, 67, 68. See also Proportional Representation
MMP. See Mixed Member Proportional
Moderates, cynicism among, 11-12, 27-28, 28, 29, 70-72
Momentum, primary, 113-120, 115, 116
Monopoly Politics, 41
Most-preferred candidates, electoral college and, 88
Motor voter registration, 184
Multiple-member districts, 65-67, 66, 90-93. See also Districts, electoral

N

National committees, nomination by, overseas, 127, 128
National primary, 124-125
Nebraska Model, 59
Nomination process, presidential. See Primary elections

O

Open primaries, 121, 129, 196-197
Optical scan ballots, 185, 185-186

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P

PACs. See also Special interests
hard money and, 155, 155-156, 156
House races and, 45-46
legislative favors and, 160-163, 162
soft money and, 157-160, 158
Paper ballots, 184, 185
Parliamentary party, nomination by, 126-127, 128
Parties
fragmentation of, 69, 109-110
fundraising by, 44, 157
membership of, 126-128, 128, 164-165
nomination process and, 5, 107-113, 121-122, 125-127, 128
politics of, 22-25, 43-45, 44, 71
public subsidy of, 165-168, 167
voter registration and, 183-184
voting technology and, 186
Partisan politics. See Parties, politics of
Party-as-organization, 44
Party-centered nomination, 107, 112-113
Party conventions, nomination by, 125, 127, 128
Party discipline, 69, 109-110
Party-in-government, 44-45
Party-in-the-electorate, 45
Party line, 43-45, 44. See also Parties, politics of
Party list. See List-PR
Party membership, overseas, 126-128, 128, 164-165
Party organizations, nominations by, overseas, 127-128, 128
Party unity, 43-45, 44. See also Parties, politics of
Permanent absentee voting, 187-188
Pharmaceutical firms, 160
Plurality systems. See Majoritarian systems
Point scoring. See Parties, politics of
Polarization model, 70-72
Political Action Committees. See PACs
Political maneuvering. See Parties, politics of
Political spectrum. See Polarization model
Popular vote
the Constitution and, 4-5
in majoritarian systems, 47-50, 48, 49
in nomination process, 107-111
in presidential elections, 83-86, 85, 87, 88-89
Populists, 134, 200
PR. See Proportional Representation
Preference voting. See Alternate Vote; Single Transferable Vote
Presidential elections. See also Primary elections
by alternate vote, 94-102, 97, 98, 101
election administration and, 179-180, 180, 182-183
electoral college and, 83-93, 91, 100
majorities in, 9, 12-13, 85, 86
runoff, 93-94, 94, 95
voting technology and, 184-187
Presidential system, 69, 72, 102-103
Primary elections
citizens, role of, in, 5
closed, 121-122, 123, 129
delegates, allocation of, 113-122, 115, 116, 119
evolution of, 107-111
open, 121, 129, 196-197
overseas alternatives to, 125-128, 128
scheduling of, 122-125
spending in, 111-113
Professional legislatures. See Term limits
Progressives, 90-93, 134, 200
Proportional allocation of electors, 91, 100
Proportional Representation
electoral college and, 90-93, 91
House elections and, 63-75, 64, 65
open primaries and, 196-197
representation and, 32-33, 51
voting technology and, 186
Provisional ballots, 183
Provisional voting, 183-184
Public discontent. See Cynicism
Public opinion. See also Cynicism; Representation
congressional responsiveness and, 11-12
direct democracy and, 132-135, 135, 136
Punch card ballots, 184-185, 185, 189

R

Records, voter registration, 182-183
Referendum, abrogative, 146
Referendum, national, 143-144
Referendums
described, 131-132
public subsidy of, 167
Reform groups, electoral, 198
Regional primaries, 124
Registration, voter, 181-184
Representation
campaign finance and, 160-163
citizen views of, 18, 19, 20
initiatives and, 142
open primaries and, 121
public campaign subsidy and, 168
of states, 86-87, 89, 90-93, 103
term limits and, 61-62
voter turnout and, 30-33
of women, 52
Republicans, cynicism among, 27
Residual vote, 185, 185
Retirements, strategic, 41, 55, 56n 3
Rider amendments, 23
Rules, electoral. See Electoral rules
Runoff elections, 93-94, 94, 95

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S

Same-day registration, 181-182
Seats-to-votes bias, 48, 49, 70
Secret garden, 106
Section 527, 157-159
Semi-PR, 68, 68, 186
September 11, 13, 17
Single-member districts, 67, 96. See also Districts, electoral
Single Transferable Vote, 67-68, 68. See also Alternate Vote
Size of House, 75-79, 76, 77
Social movements, reform and, 200-201
Soft money, 157-158, 158, 162, 173-174
Sovereignty, popular, 135, 148n 1
Spatial distance model of voting, 71, 81n 26
Special ballots, 183
Special interests
hard money and, 155, 155-156, 156
House races and, 45-46
initiatives and, 138-139, 139
legislative favors and, 160-163, 162
representation and, 19, 20, 177n 27
soft money and, 157-160, 158
Spending, campaign
citizen views of, 152-154, 153
congressional reform of, 173-174
hard money, 154-156, 155
House races and, 45-46
on initiatives, 138-139, 139
legislative favors and, 160-163, 162, 177n 27
limits on, 169, 169-170
overseas, 164-165
PR and, 197
primary election, 111-113, 114, 116-117, 125
public subsidy of, 165-168, 167, 169, 171-173
size of House and, 76
soft money, 157-160, 158
transparency of, 170-171
voter awareness and, 174-175
Spoiled ballots, 99, 104n 15
States
campaign finance in, 171-173
the Constitution and, 3-4
election administration and, 181
initiatives and, 142-143
minor parties in, 9-10
presidential elections and, 89, 107
primary elections in, 107-108, 112-113
representation of, 103
term limits and, 62-63
Statutes, 4-5, 65
Statutory initiatives, national, 146-147
STV. See Single Transferable Vote
Subsidies, public campaign, 165-168, 167, 169, 171-173
Superdelegates, 111, 112
Supreme Court, the
campaign finance and, 155, 157
closed primaries and, 122
the Constitution and, 3, 4-5
descriptive representation and, 53

T

Team ticket, 59
Technology, voting, 184-187
Telecommunications firms, 160-161
Television airtime, public subsidy of, 166
Term limits, 60-63, 197
Thimerosal, 160
Third parties. See Minor parties
Transparency, 169, 170-171
Trust. See Cynicism
Turnout, voter
congressional responsiveness and, 11-12
efficacy and, 30, 30-33
initiatives and, 142, 147
internet voting and, 189-190, 191
mail-in voting and, 188
minor parties and, 88
PR and, 74-75
voter registration and, 182
voting holiday and, 191
Two-party systems, 70-72, 87-88. See also Parties

U

Uncontested races, 42. See also Competition

V

Vote by mail, 187-189
Voter registration, 181-184
Voter rolls, 182-183
Votes, lost, 179-181, 180, 183, 185
Votes, wasted. See Majoritarian systems
Vote share, party subsidy by, 166-167, 167, 168
Votes-to-seats bias, 48, 49, 70
Voting, expectations for, 180-181
Voting, provisional, 183-184
Voting holiday, 191
Voting technology, 184-187, 185

W

Wasted votes. See Majoritarian systems
Web sites, election related, 192-193
Winner-take-all. See Majoritarian systems
Women, representation of, 52, 73-74, 74

Y

Year of the Woman, 52

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