Index

Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations on that page.
A

Access to sites, 26-27
Acidity, soil, 79
Aerial photography, 18-19, 19, 29, 57
African Americans, 124
Alluvium, 55
American Antiquity, 12
American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978, 121
American University, 98
Ammonia, testing for, 106
Analysis
of artifacts, 102, 113-114
chemical, 35, 103, 104
of data, 110-115
future, of samples, 107
locational, 23-24, 25, 36
systems, 118
Analysis of Soil Acidity (PH) for Archaeology, 139
Analytical Archaeology, 118
Ancient North America: The Archaeology of a Continent (Fagan), 12
Anderson, David G., 123-124
Annual Editions in Archaeology, 12, 20
Anthropology, 8, 9, 12-15, 123. See also Archaeology
Antiquities Act of 1906, 120-121
Arbitrary levels, 76
Archaeological and Historic Preservation Act of 1974, 121
Archaeological context, 16
"Archaeological Research Project, The", 46
Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979, 121
"Archaeologists as Anthropologists: The Question of Training", 123-124
Archaeology. See also Anthropology; Contract archaeology; Experimental archaeology
anthropology and, 123
curriculum, 122-124
defined, 7, 12-15, 16, 124-125
development of, 116-122
ethics of, 120, 124, 125-126
experimental, 35, 37, 118-119
goals of, 125
legislation regarding, 120-121
Archaeology, 12, 119
Archaic sites, 113
Arctic Research Policy Act of 1984, 121
Arizona Republic, 35
Artifact bag, 72-73, 76, 101, 103-104, 108
Artifacts. See also Cultural materials; Fire-altered materials; Lithic analyst; Lithic debitage; Lithics; Material culture
analysis of, 102, 112, 117-118
Archaic period, 113
defined, 8
inventory form, 111, 140, 152-153
labeling, 104-105
mapping of, 49, 75, 95, 98, 117
Native American, 29, 43, 111, 121, 122
processing of, 89, 90, 102-105, 103, 106
record sheets, 94
sorting and organization, 17, 91, 92
surface, 22-23, 25-26, 52-54, 72
test-manufacture of, 35
Astronomy, 35
Atlases, 57
Auguring. See Core-boring
Australopithecines, 118

B

Backdirt
defined, 42
disposal of, 105
placement of during excavation, 73, 88, 108
replacement of, 86
Backfilling, 82, 85-87, 87, 88
Background experience, 35-40
Baseline, 67, 70
B.D., 76, 108-109
Below datum. See B.D.
Bender, Susan J., 122
Binford, Lewis, 117
Binford, Sally, 117
BLOCK, 98
Bodner, Connie, 122
Bones, 14, 114, 139
Bordaz, J., 112
Bordes, F., 112
Braidwood, Robert, 117
Building/structure inventory form, 135-138
Bureau of Indian Affairs, 119
Burial grounds, 43, 124
Butyrate dope, 104

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C

CALCOMP, 98
Caldwell, Joseph, 117
Callahan, E., 111, 112
Carbon dating. See Radiocarbon dating
Career options, 4-6
Categories, analysis of, 110-115
Catoctin Furnace, MD, 14
Cayuga Nation, 121
CD-ROM mapping programs, 57
Ceramics, 25, 104, 114, 119
Ceren Site, El Salvador, 20-21
Chemical analysis, 35, 103, 104
Chert flakes, 49, 50
Chesapeake Prehistory (Dent), 12
Childe, Vere Gordon, 118
Clark, Graham, 118
Clarke, David, 118
Climate, 21
"Code of Conduct, Standards of Research Performance, Guidelines and Standards for Archaeological Field School" (RPA), 126
Codes
computer, 96, 97
index of, 94
labeling, 90-91
processing, 105
site, 104
Common Ground, 111
Commonwealth of Virginia Virginia State Library Archaeological Survey #209 Site Record, 144-145
Commonwealth of Virginia Virginia State Library Archaeological Survey #209 Site Record Map, 146
Compass, magnetic, 65-66, 70
Contract archaeology, 5, 47, 48, 125
Controlled collection, 53-54
Coordinates, 68-69, 108
Core-boring, 55
Corel, 99
Cortland County New York Archaeological Survey Artifact Inventory Sheet, 152-153
Cortland County New York Archaeological Survey Feature Record, 151
Cortland County New York Archaeological Survey Level Report, 149
Cortland County New York Archaeological Survey Stratigraphic Profile Sheet, 150
Creighton, Reginald, 98
Cultural component, 47
Cultural debris, 38. See also Artifacts; Cultural materials
Cultural integrity, 54
Cultural levels. See Living floor
Cultural materials, 47, 79, 82. See also Artifacts
Cultural relativism, 120
Cultural resource management, 5, 47
Cultural zones. See Habitation level; Living floor
Culture, 8, 12-15, 123
Curriculum, 122-124

D

Darkroom, 92
Data
analysis of, 110-115
biogenetic, 121
cataloging, 99
computerization of, 92-93, 96, 98-99, 100, 117-118
ethnohistoric, 117
in field notebook, 107-109
locational, 75
loss of, 95, 101, 102, 109
Datum. See B.D.; Master datum point; Unit datum point
Davis, Hester A., 124-125
D.C. Consortium of Universities Potomac River Valley Archaeology Survey Daily Field Notes in Archaeology, 148
D.C. Consortium of Universities Potomac River Valley Archaeology Survey Ecological Information, 147
De Angelo, Barbara, 66
De Angelo, Gordon, 66
Degree levels, 3
Delaware Water Gap, PA, 98
DeLorme, 57, 99
Dent, R. Joseph, Jr., 12, 82-83, 118
Department of Transportation Act of 1966, 121
Detail, in analysis, 111
Diagramming. See Mapping
Dictionary of Geological Terms, 65
Diffusion, theory of, 116-117
Dine (Navajo), 15
Discarded materials, 104, 105-106
Discover, 12
Dog leash method, 54
Dope, butyrate, 104
Drying racks, 103-104

E

Employment options. See Career options
Encarta Learning Zone TerraServer, 57
Environmental form, 147
Environmental Impact Statements, 121
Environmental law, 5
Equipment, laboratory, 89-90, 92-93
Erosion, backfilling and, 86
Ethics, 120, 124, 125-126
Ethnocentrism, 27, 120
Ethnographic analogy, 9, 39, 51-52, 54
Excavation
access for, 26-27
barriers to, 41, 42
career options, 5
depth of, 28-33, 84-85
floor, 73-75
future, 50
indoors, 43
initial, 75, 77
large-scale, 46
location of, 18-27
research interests and, 25, 44
role of, 21
of strata, 82
by Thomas Jefferson, 116
transporting materials to laboratory, 89
Excavation unit, 73-75, 97, 141
Excrement, human, 106
Executive Order 11593, 121
Experimental archaeology, 35, 37, 111, 118-119

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F

Fagan, Brian M., 12, 13
FCR, 142. See also Fire-altered materials
Features
defined, 83
environmental, 16
excavation of, 32, 77, 80
mapping of, 95, 96
record sheet, 151
surface, 22, 24, 26, 26
Feces, 106
Federal Archaeology Program, 120
Federal Highway Act of 1956, 121
Federal Register, 120
Field notebook, 76-78, 95, 107-109, 148
Fire-altered materials
artifacts, 29, 31
in site selection, 41
soil, 26, 30, 83
Fire pits, 26, 30, 31, 40
Flannery, Kent, 117, 118, 123
Floor, excavation, 73-75
Floor diagrams. See Plan views
Flotation test, 78
Forensics, 5
Forms. See Record sheets
Fortran IV, 97
Fracture patterns, 112
Fraser Site, VA, 86, 95
Friability, soil, 73
Funk, R. E., 118

G

Garbage, study of, 13
General Spalding Pow Wow Hollow, 29, 84
Glen Haven Site, WV, 96
Gloves, 114
"Golden Marshalltown", 123
Government agencies, 5, 58
Grave goods, 121
Green, Ernestene, 126
Grey literature, 125
Grid
for controlled collection, 53
creating, 64-69
labeling, 68-69
for sampling, 47, 48, 54
Gross, J. I., 111
Ground-penetrating radar, 20
Gwisho Springs, Zambia, 13

H

Habitation level, 39, 82, 83, 113. See also Living floor
Hadar Region, Ethiopia, 23
Haida Nation, 127
Harrison, William, 95
Haudenosaunee, 25, 121, 126
Historical record, 25
Historic Sites Act of 1935, 121
Hopi Nation, 126
HRAF. See Human Relations Area Files (HRAF)
Human excrement, 106
Human refuse. See Cultural debris; Cultural materials; Garbage, study of
Human Relations Area Files (HRAF), 98, 118
Human remains, 43, 121, 122, 127
Hunter-gatherers, 13-14
Hypotenuse, 68

I

IBM 370-145, 98
IH. See Instrument height
Iliad, 117
Indigenous peoples, 27. See also Native Americans; Residents, interviewing
In situ, 49, 72, 83
Institute of Human Origins, 35
Instrument height, 65
Internet, 127
Iroquois. See Haudenosaunee
Irwin-Williams, Cynthia, 98

J

Jefferson, Thomas, 116
Job options. See Career options
Johnson, Paddy, 98
Journal of Field Archaeology, 12

K

Kits, student, 62
!Kung San, 13-14

L

Labeling, 73, 90-91, 103, 104-105, 108
Laboratory, 62, 89-90, 92-93, 102-107
Laetoli footprints, 23, 118
Landmark Registers, 120
Landowners, 57-60, 85-86
Land use patterns, 10, 11
Languages, study of, 123-124
La Venta, 84
Leakey, Louis B., 84-85, 118
Leakey, Mary, 84-85, 118
Leakey, Meave, 118
Leakey, Richard, 118
Leaverite, 78, 105
Legislation, 120-121
Level-All, 61, 66, 70
Level bag. See Artifact bag
Levels, 71, 75-76, 82, 142, 149
Line level, use of, 71, 73-75
Lithic analyst, 112
Lithic debitage, 49, 111, 112
Lithics, 10, 21, 29, 49, 113-114
Living floor, 28, 30, 95. See also Habitation level
Locational analysis, 23-24, 25, 36
Loci, 25, 107
Longacre, William, 117
Looters, 122. See also Uncontrolled collection

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M

MacNeish, Richard, 117
Magnetometer, 29
Malinowski, Bronislaw, 52
Man in the Northeast, 12
Map'N'Go/f2Ô/f0, 57
Mapping
of artifacts, 49, 50, 111, 112, 117
computerization of, 57, 98-99, 118
in controlled collection, 53
excavation floor, 73-75
in the laboratory, 93, 95
living floor, a, 30
record sheet, 141
of sites, 47, 48
unit features, 77
Maps
analysis of, 111
preliminary plot, 72
site record, 146
types of, 47, 57
Marine archaeology, 18
Mashantuket Pequot Museum and Research Center, 126
Master datum point, 53, 64-65, 66, 68
Material culture. See also Artifacts
analysis of, 111, 114
artifacts as, 8, 16
garbage as, 13
taphonomy of, 119
Mathematics, 99
McAndrew, Mike, 121
McDowell, Ellis E., 118
McGimsey, Charles R., III, 123, 124-125, 126
McNett, Charles W., Jr., 29, 98, 117-118
Measurements, 73-75, 76, 78
Meighan, Clement, 126
Metal detectors, 20
Michels, J. W., 117-118
Middens, 21, 139
Mohawk Nation, 121
Moisture, soil, 79, 108
Monocacy Site, MD, 83
Moore, Harvey C., 15
Moore, Sarah, 15
Mount Everest, 86
Mount Kilimanjaro, 86
Museums, 5, 122, 126-127
"Mystery of the First Americans" (NOVA), 127
Mythology, 117

N

NAGPRA. See Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990 (NAGPRA)
Nasca Lines, Peru, 19
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, 121
National Geographic, 12
National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, 121
National Park Service, 5, 99, 111, 120, 126
National Park Service Organization Act of 1916, 121
National Register of Historic Places, 120
Native American, mound excavated by Thomas Jefferson, 116
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990 (NAGPRA), 121, 122, 123, 128
"Native American Remains to Be Returned" (McAndrew), 121
Native Americans, 119-122
archaeology and, 119
bodily remains of, 121-122
concerns of, 124
museums and, 126-128
Swan Point Neck, MD, 84
Natural History, 12
Naturalists, 116
Natural levels, 75-76
Navajo. See Dine (Navajo)
Navajo Nation, 126
New Netherlands, 25
New York, central, 32, 48
New York State Building/Structure Inventory Form, 135-138
New York State Historic Archaeological Site Inventory Form, 132-134
New York State Prehistoric Archaeological Site Inventory Form, 130-131
Nisa: The Life and Words of a !Kung Woman (Shostak), 13-14
Nonproductive units, 80
Nothing stone, 78

O

Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, 23, 84, 118
Olmecs, 84
Oneida Nation, 121, 126. See also Haudenosaunee
Onondaga Nation, 121
Overburden, defined, 25

P

Packard, Penelope, 98
Patterns
analysis of, 110-115
procurement, 118
subsistence, 117
Peace Corps, career options, 5
Pearson Farm, 84
Peregrine, Peter N., 125
Permanent-ink stamping device, 104
PH, soil, 108. See also Acidity, soil
Phillips, P., 117
PH meter, 108
Phosphates, testing for, 106
Photographic equipment, laboratory and, 92-93
Photographic record
artifacts in situ, 114
of features, 83
handling of, 92-93
Piedmont Plateau, MD, 22, 95, 113
Piggott, Stuart, 118
Pilasters, 45
Pit stratigraphy, 84
Pitt-Rivers, Augustus Lane Fox, 117
Plant remains. See Vegetal remains
Plants, domesticated, 113
Plan views, 95, 96
form, 143
Plog, Fred, 117
Plotting. See Mapping
Plow zone, 96
Plumb, 64
Plumb bob, 61
Pot-hunter collections. See Uncontrolled collection
Powless, Chief Irving, 121
Pre-European artifacts. See Artifacts, Native American
Preliminaries, 57-58
Preliminary plot maps, 72
Pressure flakes, 112
Private archaeology, 125
Procurement patterns, 118
Productive units, 81
Projectile points, 29, 49, 113
Protocol and permissions, 57-58
Provenience, 101, 104
Public archaeology, 124-125
Publications, archaeological, 125
Punch-card system, 96-97, 99, 100
Pythagorean Theorem, 68

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Q

Quarterly Federal Archaeology Report, 126

R

Radar, ground-penetrating, 20
Radiocarbon dating, 106, 107, 114
charcoal extraction for, 79
Rand McNally, 57, 99
Random number table
in controlled collection, 53
in subsurface sampling, 54
Rathje, William, 13
Rebar, 64
Record sheets, 93-94, 130-153
analysis of, 111
archaeological, 130-153
discarded materials and, 105
environmental, 147
function of, 94-96
Reed, Kaye, 35
Reference points, 64, 71
Refuse. See Garbage, study of
toolmaking, 112
Register of Professional Archaeologists (RPA), 126
Remains, human, 43, 121, 122, 127
Remnants. See also Ruins
fish trap, 23
granite quarry, 3
limestone-processing kiln, 11
Remote-sensing devices, 18-20
Reports, archaeological, 125
Research
design, 51-52
historical, 25
interests, and excavation, 25
and mapping, 47
reports, 125
review of, prior to excavation, 21
Reservoir Salvage Act of 1960, 121
Residents, interviewing
Dine (Navajo), 15
hunter-gatherers, 13
landowners, 41, 58, 60
Ridge and Valley Province, WV, 10
Ritchie, William A., 107, 118
Rochester Museum, 121, 122
RPA. See Register of Professional Archaeologists (RPA)
Ruins. See also Remnants
in archaeology, 7
cultural debris in, 38
inventory form, 135-138
plantation house, 3
Ruppert Island, MD, 19, 29, 30, 40

S

Safety, 45
Samples
charcoal, 106-107
preparation, 90
preparation and testing, 106-107
Sampling
design, 47, 48
grids and, 67
soil, 78, 139
stratified, 53
subsurface, 22, 24, 54. See also Excavation
Sampling design, in research design, 51
Sampling patterns. See Sampling, design
San. See !Kung San
Sanborn Fire Insurance maps, 57
SCATERGRAM, 98
Schliemann, Heinrich, 117
Screening, 108
backfilling and, 82
process of, 79
surface materials, 75
Screens, 61
Search engines, 99
Secretary of the Interior, 120
Self-generating master. See SELGEM
SELGEM, 98
Semenov, S., 118
Seneca Nation, 121
Settlement pattern-procurement pattern studies, 117
Settlement patterns, 17
Shawnee-Minisink Site, PA
backfilling, 86, 88, 88
computerization of data, 98, 100, 118
excavation of, 46
levels, 82-83
mapping of artifacts, 49, 50
Shepard, Anna, 118-119
Shepherdstown, WV, 11
Shostak, M., 13-14
SHPOs. See State historic preservation offices (SHPOs)
Sifters. See Screens
Site catalog, 104
Site datum point. See Master datum point
Site inventory form, historic, 132-134
Site inventory form, prehistoric, 130-131
Site report, 115, 144-145
Sites
Archaic period, 113
artificial, 34
cultural integrity of, 54
damage to, 72
defined, 16
destruction of, 33, 49, 52
excavated and destroyed, 112
Ice Age, 127
mapping of, 48
selection of, 41-46
Site survey
processes for, 47
stratified, 51
Site topography, 112
Skills, 4-5
interdisciplinary, 35
Smith, Eliot Grafton, 116-117
Smith, George S., 121
Smithfield Beach, PA, 32
Smithsonian, 12
Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, MD, 3
Smithsonian Institution, 98
Snow, Dean, 117-118
Society for American Archaeology, 120, 126
Sod, replacement of, 86
Soil, friability, 73
Soil, reports, 114
Soil acidity (PH), form, 139
Soil conditions, 36
Soil moisture and acidity meter, 81
Soil samples, 107
handling, 79
Soil tests, 78-79
Soundings. See Test units
South Africa, 13-14
Spaulding, A. C., 117
Spectrographic microscopes, 62
Square datum. See Unit datum point
Stadia rod, 61, 70
Stamping device, permanent-ink, 104
State historic preservation offices (SHPOs), 120
Stone artifacts. See Lithics
Storage, of samples, 107
Strata, 31, 97. See also Natural levels
analysis of, 112
cultural, 29
defined, 28
excavation of, 82
flood-deposited, 32
sampling of, 51
Stratified sampling
in controlled collection, 53
in subsurface sampling, 54
Stratigraphers, 116
Stratigraphic sequences, 116
Stratigraphy
determining, 76
form, 150
natural, 82
pit, 84
soil, 139
wall profiles, 95
Struever, Stuart, 117
Student Conservation Association, career options, 5
Subsistence patterns, 117
Subsurface sampling, 22, 54
SUNY Cortland, 106
Surface artifacts, labeling, 72
Surface collection, purpose of, 52, 54
Surface features, 22, 24, 26, 26, 74
marking, 59
in site selection, 41
Surface materials
screening, 75
in site selection, 47
Surveying instruments, 61. See also Level-All; Total Station; Transit
leveling, 66
Swan Point Neck, MD, 43, 84
Swinehart, James, 106

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T

Tanzania, 23
Taphonomy, 119
Taylor, W. W., 117
Teaching, career options, 5
Teaching Archaeology in the Twenty-First Century (Bender and Smith), 121
Technology, archaeology and, 117-118
Tells, defined, 25
Test pits. See Test units
Test units, 32, 45. See also Sampling, subsurface
measuring system, 47
35 CO 30 1996 Level Report, 142
35 CO 30 1997 Artifact Inventory, 140
Thunderbird Ranch Site, VA, 111
Toolmaking, 111-112, 113
experimental, 118
Tools, 113
archaeological, 61-63
controlled collection of, 53
for toolmaking, 111
Topographic zone. See Strata
Topography, site, 112
Topsoil
removal, 75, 77
replacement of, 86
Total Station, 63-64, 67, 73, 76, 78
Tourism, career options, 5
Trade, 51-52
Transit, 61
Trash. See Garbage, study of
Triangulation, 67-69, 70
Trigger, Bruce, 117
TripMaker/f2Ô/f0, 57
Trobriand Islanders, 52
Troy, 117
True north, correcting for, 65

U

Uncontrolled collection, 52-53, 108-109, 116
Underwater archaeology. See Marine archaeology
Unilinear evolution, 117
Unit, excavation, 97
Unit datum point, 76, 78
Unit depth, measuring, 71, 76
Units
excavation mapping form, 141
nonproductive, 80
productive, 81
University of Witswatersrand, 35
Unnatural origin, objects of, 78
U.S. Department of the Interior. See National Park Service
U.S. Geological Survey Benchmarks, 64-65
U.S. Geological Survey map, 47, 57
U.S. Government Printing Office, 120

V

Van Noten, F., 13
Vegetal remains, analysis of, 13
Video equipment, 92-93
Volumes, 110, 111

W

Wall Profile or Plan View of Floor Excavation, 143
Wall profiles, 95, 97
form, 143
Water saturation percentage method, 139
Watkins, Joe, 119-120, 121
Watson, Patty Jo, 117
Webmath.com, 99
Websites, anthropological, 127
Websites, archaeological, 99
Weide, Margaret, 117
Wet work, 90
Wheat, ?, 111
Wheeler, Sir Mortimer, 118
Willey, G., 117
Wilmsen, Edwin, 112, 117
Wind direction, 111-112
Witswatersrand, University of, 35
Woodland cultural zone, 82
Work stations, laboratory, 90, 92
World Prehistory: A Brief Introduction (Fagan), 12
Wyns Farm Site, 84

Z

Zambia, 13
0-0 point. See Master datum point

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